
A German critic and sociologist and philosopher. He was a member of the Frankfurt School (in Germany), a school for critical theory, sociology and philosophy, where Marxism was questioned and they overcame the assumptions of past theories. Walter Benjamin was also a member of the Frankfurt School, and he wrote an essay in 1936 called, The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, that addressed originality and the presence of a work's aura in the wave of new arts like film and photography. He gives us a an idea of the social and political dissidence with art's traditions, by quoting Filippo Tommaso Marinetti's Manifesto, the founder of the Futurist Movement(1910-1944), he says, "For twenty-seven years we Futurists have rebelled against the branding of war as anti-aesthetic. . .Accordingly we state: War is beautiful because it establishes man's dominion over the subjugated machinery by means of gas masks, terrifying megaphones, flame throwers, and small tanks. War is beautiful because it initiates the dreamt-of metalization of the human body. War is beautiful because it enriches a flowering meadow with the fiery orchids of machine guns."
What do you call beautiful? Are ideas and concepts just as beautiful as a visually stimulating object? Are ugly ideas uglier than physically unappealing things? Do formalism and beauty always go hand-in-hand? Does beauty always mean purity?
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